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Illegal mercury use in Amazon reported to OAS

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The harm to health and the environment caused by mercury used in illegal gold mining in the Amazon was reported to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) with the presentation of a study by Brazil’s Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF). The autonomous international body is affiliated with the Organization of American States (OAS).

The document, presented last week, complements the report the Prosecutor’s Office submitted in March to the Special Rapporteur on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (REDESCA), which is linked to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

Ecosystem contamination

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The liquid substance is frequently used in illegal gold mining operations because it readily binds with gold particles, forming what is known as “amalgam.”

After this metallic alloy forms, it is heated with a blowtorch. As the temperature rises, the mercury evaporates, leaving only the gold behind.

The vaporized mercury spreads through the air and settles on soil and water, contaminating rivers, waterways, and fish - the staple food of indigenous and riverine communities - and can cause neurological problems.

In addition to mercury contamination, illegal mining causes ecosystem degradation through deforestation, intensive soil removal, and alterations to riverbeds.

The problem of illegal mining in the Amazon in Brazil and other countries is well known to the IACHR’s special rapporteur. Just over a month ago, REDESCA called for the guarantee of the “human right to water in the Americas,” particularly in the so-called “Guiana Shield,” comprising areas of Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, and Brazil.

Defense

In a statement to Agência Brasil, the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) said it “has been directly involved in restricting the use of mercury in illegal mining operations.”

The institute noted that it established stricter criteria for access to legally imported mercury through a regulation created in 2024, in addition to “conducting ongoing environmental enforcement actions to curb the use of smuggled mercury in gold mining operations.”

The regulation requires “the licensing of individuals and legal entities that handle metallic mercury, as well as that they carry the Metallic Mercury Operations Document, which ensures that the import, sale, resale, and transfer of mercury occur only between previously licensed parties.”

The regulation, however, does not have the force of law, unlike the 1989 presidential decrees, which “remain in effect and prohibit, respectively, the use of mercury in gold mining, except in activities licensed by the environmental agency,” as noted by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.

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